Method of activating a supported olefin conversion catalyst

ABSTRACT

Supported olefin conversion catalysts are activated by a method which comprises calcining the catalyst, impregnating the calcined catalyst with an alcoholic solution of an alkali metal salt, an alkali metal base or an alkali metal alcoholate and then recalcining the catalyst.

This is a division, of application Ser. No. 529,182 filed Dec. 3, 1974 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,490.

The present invention relates to a process for improving supported catalysts and to a process for their use in the conversion of olefins. It is known to convert olefins in the gaseous phase into olefins having longer or shorter carbon chains that the olefin charge material using solid catalysts containing, for example, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, rhenium, and the like as the active ingredients and aluminum hydroxide or aluminum oxide, kieselguhr, pumice, titanium oxide, activated carbon and the like as the support. As disclosed in German Patent No. 1,668,999, the addition of from 0.02 to 5 weight percent, preferably 0.1 to 1 wt. %, of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal to a disproportionation catalyst such as rhenium heptoxide on an aluminum oxide base, reduces polymerization and improves selectivity. These catalysts are prepared by impregnating the bases or supports with aqueous alkali metal salt solutions, drying, calcining, depositing the active metals thereon and, optionally, repeating the calcining treatment. Unfortunately, these catalysts are of low crush strength and hence are unsuitable for commercial scale conversion of olefins using fixed beds of catalysts. In addition, these catalysts are unsuitable for olefin conversion using the fluidized bed type of operation. If the active metals are precipitated, for example, on aluminum oxide or aluminum hydroxide, kieselguhr and the like, and an aqueous solution of alkali metal salts or bases is added, catalysts so prepared have unsatisfactory crush strength. If these catalysts first are dried and calcined and then subjected to post-alkalization with aqueous alkali metal salt solutions, no improvement in the crush strength of the catalysts is attained.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process for the alkalization of olefin conversion catalysts, said process serving to impart to these catalysts sufficient hardness to permit their use in the commercial scale disproportionation of olefins, especially using fixed beds of catalysts, and a further increased activity and selectivity.

It has now been found that the hardness and hence the commercial utility including the regenerability, activity and selectivity of supported disproportionation catalysts may be considerably improved by post-alkalization by impregnating the supported catalysts, which have been calcined at temperatures ranging from about 300° to 800° C., preferably 400° to 600° C. with alcoholic solutions of alkali metal salts or bases or alkali metal alcoholates and then subjecting them to a post-calcination treatment for 0.5 to 8 hours at temperatures in the range of from about 400° to 700° C., preferably 450° to 600° C. The concentrations of the alcoholic solutions may range from 1 to 15 weight percent, preferably from 5 to 10 wt. %. The catalysts prepared according to this invention contain from 0.01 to 15 wt. %, preferably from 0.1 to 8 wt. % of alkali metal preferably sodium and potassium.

The calcination is best conducted in a stream of inert gas, air and/or oxygen.

Suitable solvents for the alkali metal compounds include monohydric, polyhydric as well as primary, secondary and/or tertiary alcohols. It is also possible to blend the alcohols with other organic solvents such as ketones, aromatics and the like.

An important feature in the process of our invention is that the supported catalysts have been calcined prior to the impregnation with the alcoholic solutions of the alkali metal salts, bases or alcoholates as the impregnation of non-calcined catalysts, even when subjected to post-calcination, will not yield the desired effect.

In the alkalization process the catalysts may be employed either in powder or particle form as well as in the form of pellets or extrudates. They may have been formulated, for example, from the afore-mentioned active metals and supporting substances. Catalysts formulated with molybdenum, tungsten and cobalt as the active metals and Al₂ O₃ as the catalyst base have been found to be particularly suitable.

The catalysts may be employed to convert both aliphatic monoolefins and polyolefins as well as cyclic olefins. The olefins may be used both in pure form and in the form of mixtures. Saturate hydrocarbons as well as gases inert under reaction conditions may be added as diluents.

Owing to their great firmness the olefin conversion catalysts of this invention also have excellent regeneration properties and hence an excellent lifetime.

The process of this invention may be better understood from the following example which is given for illustrative purposes only.

EXAMPLE

1500 ml of water are added with stirring to 1500 grams of aluminum secondary butylate within a period of 30 minutes, and the stirring is continued for one hour. Steam is then introduced into the mixture for the purpose of separating the alcohol, the steam being introduced in an amount sufficient for the layers to separate. Thereafter, stirring is continued for additional 30 minutes with the addition of steam, and the Al(OH)₃ which has formed is filtered. The obtained Al(OH)₃ paste then is adjusted to an Al₂ O₃ content of 25 wt. %.

800 grams of the so produced 25% Al(OH)₃ paste is kneaded for 30 minutes in a kneader, and 33.6 grams of ammonium molybdate dissolved in 100 ml of water are added portion-wise. After that, the mass is kneaded for another hour for good homogeneity. Then, 32.6 grams of cobalt nitrate dissolved in 20 ml of water, are added portion-wise, the catalyst mass is kneaded for one hour, formed into small particles, dried for four hours at 120° C. and calcined for four hours in a tube with a stream of air passing therethrough at a rate of 20 liters per hour and at a temperature of from 530° to 550° C.

The activation of the calcined catalyst according to this invention is achieved by dissolving 16 grams of KOH in 200 ml methanol, impregnating the catalyst with this solution, drying and subjecting it once more to calcination for four hours in a stream of dry air (20 liters/hr.) at 550° C. Upon completion of this treatment, the catalyst has the following composition, by weight:

    ______________________________________                                         Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                                79.7%                                                                          MoO.sub.3                                                                       11.0%                                                                         CoO                                                                             3.5%                                                                          K.sub.2 O                                                                       5.8%                                                         ______________________________________                                    

The activity of the catalyst is tested by filling 190 ml of same into a tube having a diameter of 2.4 cm. Eighty liters of propylene per hour are passed through the catalyst at a temperature of 175° C., with a 52.6% disappearance of said propylene, the selectivity for the conversion to other olefins being above 99 percent. The obtained olefin mixture has the following composition by weight:

    ______________________________________                                         ethylene                                                                                           15.2%                                                                          tert.-butylene-(2)                                                              19.6%                                                                         cis-butylene-(1)                                                                12.8%                                                                         butylene-(1)                                                                    1.6%                                                                          pentenes                                                                        3.1%                                                                          polymers                                                                        0.3%                                                                          propylene                                                                       47.4%                                                     ______________________________________                                                             -

The reaction conditions for the conversion of olefins are well known and form no part of our invention.

Similar results are obtained using other catalysts in which the active metals are selected from Groups V, VI, VII and VIII of the Periodic Table such as tantalum, vanadium, niobium, tungsten, rhenium and nickel. In this connection, the use of the term active "metals", when referring to the catalysts, is intended to include metal compounds such as the oxides.

Various modifications of the invention as hereinbefore set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and therefore, only such limitations should be made as are indicated in the appended claims. 

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
 1. A method of activating a supported catalyst comprising a member selected from the group consisting of oxides of metals of Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB and the iron group and used for the conversion of olefins characterized by calcining the supported catalyst at a temperature of from 300° to 800° C. impregnating said calcined catalyst with an alcoholic solution of a member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal bases and alkali metal alcoholates, and subsequently repeating the calcination of said catalyst at temperatures of from 400° to 700° C. for from 0.5 to 8 hours.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the initial calcining is carried out at temperatures of from 400° to 600° C. and the final calcining is carried out at temperatures of from 450° to 600° C.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said activated catalyst contains from 0.01 to 15 per cent by weight.
 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said calcinations are carried out in the presence of a gas containing oxygen.
 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the supported catalyst comprises a Group VIB metal oxide.
 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the supported catalyst comprises an iron group metal oxide.
 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the supported catalyst additionally contains a Group VIB metal.
 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkali metal is sodium.
 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkali metal is potassium. 